Out With the Old, In With the New

Differences Between the Old and the New

1. During the Renaissance, the people went from looking only to the church to explain things, to looking to themselves to explain things, and started to question what they had been told in the past, because the bible was being published as a result of the printing press. 
 2.  Before this time period, the towns and cities were very individual and didn't work together, but after the Renaissance, they were more open to interaction which caused more open trade centers, water routes instead of land routes, more exploring etc.
3. Because the cities were not so isolated anymore, the cultural aspects of the cities also developed, such as their language, music and art, because the cities were able to collaborate ideas.

In my opinion, the Food Shortages to Food Surplus was the most important change. This is what set everything into motion and allowed other things to happen. When they had food shortages, people would only be working on growing more food, because if you didn't have food you wouldn't be able to survive. Once they had more than enough food for themselves, they were allowed to spend there time doing other things, such as inventing the printing press and changing how their religion was. Also, not as many people died so that they were able to have more children, which made it so there were more people to help with jobs. Because they had food surplus, they were able to develop their music, art, language etc. as well. The change from Food Shortages to Food Surplus was definitely if not the most important, one of the most important transformation during this time period.

During the Age of Enlightenment, many changes occurred and people started to get more complex ideas about things such as religion, government, society, human nature and how the universe was created.  This was a result of them having more time on their hands so that they could think of all of these new ideas. They had more time because of the food surplus and so they could spend more time thinking about new inventions. If they had been short on food for longer, some of these ideas wouldn't have been figured out until much later. Like I said before, the food surplus was the beginning of these new changes.

Nicolaus Copernicus was a great mathematician, and was widely known for his idea of the heliocentric model. This is the model that has the sun as the center. Copernicus came after Ptolemy and the Prolemaic model, which had the Earth as the center. This article below, discusses Copernicus and this theory. They talk about a book that he published shortly before his death called De Revolutionibus Orbium Coelestium, and how powerful the image at the beginning of the book was, and how even though the next 405 pages describe this theory, this is how they remember it.

http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-11798317 

Coach Jackson (my 2-4^th grade basketball coach) was more than just a coach to me. He was the man that taught me to have confidence in myself, and that I shouldn’t give up. Altogether, he made me a stronger person. Every practice, when he would show us a new move, or play, he would chose me to come out and demonstrate it for the rest of the players, even though I was the only girl and the youngest one there. Even though this completely frightened me, most of the time I was successful in doing what he asked. This made me feel a lot better, that I had just completed a move in front of all the other older and more experienced kids. This boosted my confidence a lot. From Coach Jackson, I learned to believe in myself, and just because I’m a girl, or young, doesn’t mean I can’t do something. Coach Jackson coached my brothers as well, and when he started to coach me, I was really scared. The first couple of practices, when he would say something to me, I would start crying. Eventually though, I stopped crying, and I started to look forward to going to play for him. It wasn’t Coach Jackson that was changing, it was me. He was still saying the same things to me, but I had learned to take what he said to me, and make myself a stronger person as a basketball player, and as a young girl. The confidence and strength that I now posses, is a direct result of Coach Jackson and how he has shaped me.

King Duncan

In my opinion, Shakespeare portrays King Duncan as an honorable, good hearted man who always tried to do what was best for his country. "Macduff: 'Tis not for you to hear what I speak. The repetition in a woman's ear would murder as it fell.' Enter Banquo. 'O Banquo, Banquo, Our royal master's murdered!' Lady Macbeth: 'Woe, alas-what, in our house?' Banquo: 'Too cruel anywhere. Dear Duff, I prithee contradict thyself, and say it is not so.'" (2.3.79-86). This clearly shows that when other people in the play found out about Kind Duncan's death, they were very sad, and alarmed that anybody could do that. This shows that King Duncan was obviously a very good king, and was kind to his people. Another quote said by Ross, "From Fife, great King, where the Norwegian banners flout the sky and fan our people cold. Norway himself, with terrible numbers, assisted by that most disloyal traitor the Thane of Cawdor, began a dismal conflict, till that Bellona's bridegroom, lapped in proof, point against point, rebellious arm 'gainst arm, curbing his lavish spirit; and to conclude, the victory fell on us -" (1.2.48-58). This quote is talking about how King Duncan put the Thane of Cawdor (before Macbeth was the Thane of Cawdor) to death because he was disloyal and betrayed them. This shows that King Duncan knew what to do when something bad happened, and he was able to punish those who had done something wrong, which is a trait that you should want in a leader.

I think that Machiavelli would have tough that King Duncan was a good leader, but he could have done things to improve as well. For example in the quote in the first paragraph, "Macduff: 'Tis not for you to hear what I speak. The repetition in a woman's ear would murder as it fell.' Enter Banquo. 'O Banquo, Banquo, Our royal master's murdered!' Lady Macbeth: 'Woe, alas-what, in our house?' Banquo: 'Too cruel anywhere. Dear Duff, I prithee contradict thyself, and say it is not so'" (2.3.79-86). Machiavelli would have liked that his followers were very distraught when they heard that he was dead (besides of course Macbeth and his wife). Machiavelli would have approved that he had so many willing followers, and didn't really have to force any of them. I think that Machiavelli was a big believer on seeming like you were perfect, but not necessarily being perfect. In other words saying you were something that you weren't. In this aspect of being a good leader, I don't think King Duncan pulled off, because he was very big into trust, as shown in this quote. "There's not art to find the mind's construction in the face. He was a gentleman on whom I built an absolute trust" (1.4.12-15). This shows that because he really believed in trust, he would really want to lie to his people when he was excepting them to be honest to him. Overall though, I think Machiavelli would have agreed with King Duncan in most of his beliefs but might have given some advice on how to become more powerful.

Sometimes what people appear to be isn't always who they really are. This is a major idea in Macbeth Act 1 and is shown throughout the rest of the play as well. A quote that exemplifies this would "Come, thick night, and pall thee in the dunnest smoke of hell, that my keen knife see not the wound it makes, nor heaven peep through the blanket of the dark to cry 'Hold, hold!'  (Enter Macbeth) Great Glamis, worth Cawdor, greater than both by the all-hail hereafter, they letters have transported me beyond this ignorant present, and I feel no the future in the instant" (1.5.48-56) Lady Macbeth, who says this quote, changes her character very suddenly, when Macbeth enters. In the beginning of this quote, she is very angry and talks about how she wishes that she could just kill the king, because she knows her husband won't do it. When Macbeth walks in though, she talks sweetly to him, and very nicely, not at all like she was talking in the beginning. She wants to talk Macbeth into killing the king, and to do this she is acting very sweet around him. Machiavelli would definitely approve of this idea, in fact, he had some advice similar to what she is doing now. His advice was that you don't have to have all good qualities, but you must seem like you do. Lady Macbeth definitely is not sweet like she appears to be, but she is doing that because she wants something. Another example of this tactic would be "The eye wink at the hand" (1.5.52). This is saying that you should ignore whatever bad deed you do. In Macbeth's case he wants to become king (which is good) but he has to kill to get there (which is bad). This relates to Machiavelli’s idea, because if he’s king he would seem very good, but the truth is that he murdered somebody.

Today, there is no specific way that men and women are supposed should act. Both genders can vote, have different jobs, can stay home and cook and clean, or do anything else that once only a certain gender could do. However, when Shakespeare was writing this play, things were much different. Men were supposed to work, and put dinner on the table, and women were supposed to stay home cooking, cleaning and taking care of their kids. In the play Macbeth, Shakespeare switches the roles of women and men. In this play, Shakespeare writes, "Come, you spirits that tend on mortal thoughts, unsex me here, and fill me from the crown to the toe top-full of direst cruelty. Make thick my blood stop up th' access and passage to remorse, that no compunctious visitings of nature shake my fell purpose nor keep peace between th' effect and it" (1.5.38-45). This quote is said by Lady Macbeth after she reads Macbeth's letter telling her about his prophecy. After she reads this letter, she thinks of her husband as weak because he doesn't want to kill the king, and she realizes that she would do it. In this quote, she is saying that she wants to become a man, because she wants to kill the king, and it isn't acceptable in her society if a woman were to kill someone. Women were supposed to just stay at home, and not really be all that bright. In the quote in the first paragraph, you can see how she changes when her husband comes back, because if he really knew how she felt, and what her thoughts were, he probably wouldn't have married her. How she is acting isn't how a normal wife would have normally acted in those times. Shakespeare, in this play, has taken the male role and put it into Lady Macbeth. Lady Macbeth thinks that Macbeth is weak because he won't kill somebody, when today, showing resistance to killing someone is a sign of strength. 

Loyalty and honor play a very important role in the story of Macbeth and they are reoccurring themes throughout the entire play.  Many of the characters start out as being trustworthy and honorable, but then end up dangerous. For example, in the beginning, Macbeth is very honorable, and people look up to him as a hero. Shakespeare states in his play, "Yes, as sparrows eagles, or the hare the lion! If I say sooth I must report they were as cannons overcharged with double cracks, so they doubly redoubled strokes upon the foe" (1.2.35-38). In the beginning of this quote, the eagle and lion represent Macbeth and Banquo, and says that even though they were tired, they went on to fight the King of Norway. As you can see, Macbeth is one of the most honorable people in the beginning. As the play goes on, however, Macbeth becomes obsessed with the idea of murdering people that get in the way of him becoming king and becomes less and less honorable. In the next scene , King Duncan says, " He was a gentleman on whom I built absolute trust" (1.4.14-15). He is referring to the Thane of Cawdor, after just have been told about his honorable death. Trust is one of the key idea in Macbeth, and in the play, you are always trying to figure out who you can trust, and who you can't trust. As people change, so does their loyalty. In the beginning, Banquo and Macbeth are very loyal to each other, but I know that in the end, they turn out to be enemies. What changes where our loyalty lies, is different for different people, but in this play there seems to be a theme of greed. Macbeth wants to become king so badly, that he changes from being loyal to King Duncan, as he was in the beginning to trying to kill him. Overall though, loyal and honesty are one of the themes that make this play so memorable.

Sometimes what people appear to be isn't always who they really are. This is a major idea in Macbeth Act 1 and is shown throughout the rest of the play as well. A quote that exemplifies this would "Come, thick night, and pall thee in the dunnest smoke of hell, that my keen knife see not the wound it makes, nor heaven peep through the blanket of the dark to cry 'Hold, hold!'  (Enter Macbeth) Great Glamis, worth Cawdor, greater than both by the all-hail hereafter, they letters have transported me beyond this ignorant present, and I feel no the future in the instant" (1.5.48-56) Lady Macbeth, who says this quote, changes her character very suddenly, when Macbeth enters. In the beginning of this quote, she is very angry and talks about how she wishes that she could just kill the king, because she knows her husband won't do it. When Macbeth walks in though, she talks sweetly to him, and very nicely, not at all like she was talking in the beginning. She wants to talk Macbeth into killing the king, and to do this she is acting very sweet around him. Machiavelli would definitely approve of this idea, in fact, he had some advice similar to what she is doing now. His advice was that you don't have to have all good qualities, but you must seem like you do. Lady Macbeth definitely is not sweet like she appears to be, but she is doing that because she wants something. Another example of this tactic would be "The eye wink at the hand" (1.5.52). This is saying that you should ignore whatever bad deed you do. In Macbeth's case he wants to become king (which is good) but he has to kill to get there (which is bad). This relates to Machiavelli’s idea, because if he’s king he would seem very good, but the truth is that he murdered somebody.

Today, there is no specific way that men and women are supposed should act. Both genders can vote, have different jobs, can stay home and cook and clean, or do anything else that once only a certain gender could do.

What Kind of Leader I Need

The kind of leader that I need in order to be successful, would be a lot different than the type of leader that somebody else would need. I used to have a basketball coach that fit what I needed perfectly. He was loud, outgoing, and liked to have fun, but also made time to get down to business and teach us new skills that we would need to know. I had him my first year of playing basketball, and he was one of the best leaders that I had. He motivated me to do things that I didn’t know I could do, by being patient and understanding, and spotting right away the spots where I was weak and strong on. That was another big characteristic that made him such a great leader in my life. He was able to spot weaknesses and strengths right away in a person, and then he was able to make their weaknesses their strengths. Overall though, he was one of the best leaders in my life, because he knew what I needed and how I needed it.

Machiavelli

Niccolo Machiavelli was born on May 3, 1469 in Florence Italy. He led a very quiet childhood and when he got older, he got into politics. His first position was as a secretary, but he quickly rose into more power and he was soon engaging in diplomatic missions. He met many different politicians, but Cesare Borgia was the one that had the most impact on his life. He was a lot like the prince described in Machiavelli's book called The Prince. Machiavelli lost his job when the Medici came rule Florence and the Republic was therefore overthrown. He then was forced to switch from being active in politics to write about them instead. He tried to please the Medici by writing a book about what he thought were the Medici's goals, and then dedicating it to them. This book was called The Prince. Unfortunately, the Medici didn't agree. He wrote The Prince in 1513, which was the first book that he wrote

http://www.ctbw.com/lubman.htm

http://www.philosophypages.com/ph/macv.htm 

"Before all else, be armed." To me, this quote shows the most relevance to leadership today. Machiavelli stated this quote in his first book, The Prince. Machiavelli stated strongly in this book that as a leader, your first priority should be war, and you should always be ready for it. Former President George Bush (2001-2009) was a great example of this. Over his term in office, he spent 54% of the U.S.s' income on the military and their needs. This money could have been spent instead on education, health care or preventing other disasters that happen in the U.S. every day. His belief was that if we have a good military, then we will succeed, so it should come first.

This quote also represents other leaders in other countries as well.

http://www.warresisters.org/pages/piechart.htm

“It is not essential that a Prince have all good qualities, but it is most essential that he should seem to have them.” This quote is saying that a leader doesn’t really have to be good, but if he everyone view him as a good person, and he gets what all of his followers want, and no one knows that he is a bad person, everyone is okay with it. An example of this is in Bring it On. The cheer captain steels cheers from another squad, but nobody on her team knows this. The captain seems good, but really she’s not. Eventually the team finds out about this and they are all very upset. In my opinion, this is not a good thing, because you don’t really know a person if they are pretending to be good. Overall though, I think this is bad advice for a leader and they should always try to have good qualities. 

A good quote that would have been useful for Pizarro and his men would have been, "Before all else, be armed." When Pizarro and his men went to meet the Inca emperor for the first time, he didn't bring any weapons at all. If they had, they could have battled them right then and there, instead of having to plan everything out. This would have been good because the Inca's weren't prepared at all, and most of them were still scared on the horses, and other things that Pizarro and his men possessed. In the end, Pizarro still won, but it took more time and effort than what was originally required. 

This picture represents Machiavelli's quote, "Before all else, be armed."

Excellent website on Niccolo Machiavelli: http://www.ctbw.com/lubman.htm 

Here is a much more dense reading on Machiavelli: http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/machiavelli/

Leadership Picture